The Twelve Imams (Arabic: ٱلْأَئِمَّة ٱلْٱثْنَا عَشَر, al-ʾAʾimmah al-ʾIthnā ʿAšar; Persian: دوازده امام, Davâzdah Emâm) are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, including that of the Alawite and Alevi.[1]
According to Twelver theology, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who not only rule over the community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret sharia and the esoteric meaning of the Quran. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin (known as ismah, or infallibility) and must be chosen by divine decree through the Prophet.[2][3]
It is believed in Twelver Shi’ism that the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his household are infallible, possessing Hikmah. Their oppression and suffering served greater purposes and were a means of divine grace to their devotees.[4][5] The Imams are also guided by preserved texts in their possession, such as al-Jafr, al-Jamia, and unaltered past books the Torah and Injeel. Imamat, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in the Twelver Shia doctrine and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.[6]
According to Twelvers, there is at all times an Imam of the era who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Ali was the first of the Twelve Imams, and, in the Twelvers view, the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Al-Husayn, who was the brother of Al-Hasan. The twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and hidden in the Major Occultation until he returns to bring justice to the world.[6] It is believed by Twelver and Alevi Muslims that the Twelve Imams have been foretold in the Hadith of the 12 accomplishers. All of the Imams met unnatural deaths, with the exception of the last Imam who, according to Twelver and Alevi belief, is living in occultation.
Some of the Imams also have a leading role within some Sufi orders and are seen as the spiritual heads of Islam,[citation needed] because most of the Silsila (spiritual chain) of Sufi orders leads back to Muhammad through one of the Twelve Imams.[citation needed]
| Number | Name
Kunya | Arabic title
Persian title
Turkish title[7] | Lived (CE)
Lived (AH)[8]
Place of birth | Age when assumed Imamat | Age at death | Duration of Imamat | Importance | Reason & place of death
Place of burial[9] |
|---|
| 1 | Ali ibn Abi Talib
ٱلْإِمَام عَلِيّ ٱبْن أَبِي طَالِب عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu al-Hasan
أَبُو ٱلْحَسَن |
Birinci Ali[11] | 600–661[10]
23 (before Hijra)–40[12]
Makkah, Hijaz[10] | 33 | 61 | 28 | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. According to Twelver Shia belief he was the only person to have been born in the Ka'bah, the holiest site in Islam, and the first male to openly accept Islam. Considered by Shia Islam as the rightful Successor of Muhammad. Sunnis also acknowledge him as the fourth Caliph. He holds a high position in almost all Sufi Muslim orders (Turuq); the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[10] | Assassinated by Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite, in Kufa, who struck his head with a poisoned sword while he was in prostration praying on the Night of Qadr in the month of Ramadan.[10][13]
Buried at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq. |
| 2 | Hasan ibn Ali
ٱلْإِمَام ٱلْحَسَن ٱبْن عَلِيّ عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu Muhammad
أَبُو مُحَمَّد |
İkinci Ali[11] | 625–670[14]
3–50[15]
Madinah, Hijaz[14] | 39 | 47 | 8 | He was the eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah az-Zahra. Hasan succeeded his father as the caliph in Kufa, and on the basis of a peace treaty with Muawiyah, he relinquished control of Iraq following a Caliphate of seven months.[14] | Poisoned by his wife in Madinah on the orders of the Caliph Muawiyah (Shia view).[16]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia. |
| 3 | Husayn ibn Ali
ٱلْإِمَام ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱبْن عَلِيّ عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu Abdillah
أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه |
Üçüncü Ali[11] | 626–680[17]
4–61[18]
Madinah, Hijaz[17] | 46 | 57 | 11 | He was a grandson of Muhammad and brother of Hasan ibn Ali. Husayn opposed the validity of Yazid ibn Muawiyah. As a result, he, his family and his companions were later killed in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces. After this incident, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali has become central to Shia identity.[17] | Killed and beheaded at the Battle of Karbala.
Buried at the Imam Husayn Mosque in Karbala, Iraq.[17] |
| 4 | Ali ibn Husayn
ٱلْإِمَام عَلِيّ ٱبْن ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱلسَّجَّاد عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu Muhammad
أَبُو مُحَمَّد |
Dördüncü Ali[11] | 658/9[19] – 712[20]
38[19]–95[20]
Madinah, Hijaz[19] | 23 | 57 | 34 | Author of prayers in Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, which is known as "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet."[20] He survived the Battle of Karbala because he was told not to participate due to a debilitating illness. | He was poisoned on the order of Caliph al-Walid I in Madinah.[20]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia. |
| 5 | Muhammad ibn Ali
ٱلْإِمَام مُحَمَّد ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱلْبَاقِر عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu Ja'far
أَبُو جَعْفَر |
Beşinci Ali[11] | 677–732[21]
57–114[21]
Madinah, Hijaz[21] | 38 | 57 | 19 | Sunni and Shia sources both describe him as one of the early and most eminent legal scholars, teaching many students during his tenure.[21][22] | He was poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Madinah on the order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.[20]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia. |
| 6 | Ja'far ibn Muhammad
ٱلْإِمَام جَعْفَر ٱبْن مُحَمَّد ٱلصَّادِق عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu Abdillah[23]
أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه |
Altıncı Ali[11] | 702–765[24]
83–148[24]
Madinah, Hijaz[24] | 31 | 65 | 34 | Established the Ja'fari jurisprudence and developed the theology of Twelvers. He instructed many scholars in different fields, including Imams Abu Hanifah and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Jabir ibn Hayyan in science and alchemy.[24] | He was poisoned in Madinah on the order of Caliph Al-Mansur.[24]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia. |
| 7 | Musa ibn Ja'far
ٱلْإِمَام مُوسَىٰ ٱبْن جَعْفَر ٱلْكَاظِم عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu al-Hasan I
أَبُو ٱلْحَسَن ٱلْأَوَّل[25] |
Yedinci Ali[11] | 744–799[26]
128–183[26]
Al-Abwa', Hijaz[26] | 20 | 55 | 35 | Leader of the Shia community during the schism of Ismailis, and other branches such as Waqifis, after the death of the former Imam, Jafar al-Sadiq.[27] He established the network of agents who collected khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan. He holds a high position with the Mahdavia; the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[28] | Imprisoned and poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq on the order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.
Buried in the Al-Kazimiyah Mosque in Baghdad, Iraq.[26] |
| 8 | Ali ibn Musa
ٱلْإِمَام عَلِيّ ٱبْن مُوسَىٰ ٱلرِّضَا عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu al-Hasan II
أَبُو ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي[25] |
Sekizinci Ali[11] | 765–817[29]
148–203[29]
Madinah, Hijaz[29] | 35 | 55 | 20 | Made crown-prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, and famous for his discussions with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.[29] | He was poisoned in Mashad, Iran on the order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun.
Buried in the Imam Rida Mosque in Mashad, Iran.[29] |
| 9 | Muhammad ibn Ali
ٱلْإِمَام مُحَمَّد ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱلْجَوَّاد عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu Ja'far
أَبُو جَعْفَر |
Dokuzuncu Ali[11] | 810–835[30]
195–220[30]
Madinah, Hijaz[30] | 8 | 25 | 17 | Famous for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate. | Poisoned by his wife, Al-Ma'mun's daughter, in Baghdad, Iraq on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim.
Buried in the Al-Kazimiyah Mosque in Baghdad, Iraq.[30] |
| 10 | Ali ibn Muhammad
ٱلْإِمَام عَلِيّ ٱبْن مُحَمَّد ٱلْهَادِي عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu al-Hasan III
أَبُو ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّالِث[31] |
Onuncu Ali[11] | 827–868[31]
212–254[31]
Surayya, a village near Madinah, Hijaz[31] | 8 | 42 | 34 | Strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions, and received in turn financial contributions of the faithful from the khums and religious vows.[31] | He was poisoned in Samarra, Iraq on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tazz.[32]
Buried in the Al Askari Mosque in Samarra, Iraq. |
| 11 | Hasan ibn Ali
ٱلْإِمَام ٱلْحَسَن ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu al-Mahdi
أَبُو ٱلْمَهْدِيّ |
Onbirinci Ali[11] | 846–874[33]
232–260[33]
Madinah, Hijaz[33] | 22 | 28 | 6 | For most of his life, the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, placed restrictions on him after the death of his father. Repression of the Shia population was particularly high at the time due to their large size and growing power.[34] | He was poisoned on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra, Iraq.
Buried in Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra, Iraq.[35] |
| 12 | Hujjat Allah ibn al-Hasan
ٱلْإِمَام حُجَّة ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن ٱلْحَسَن ٱلْمَهْدِيّ عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام
Abu al-Qasim
أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم |
Onikinci Ali[11] | 869–present[39]
255–present[39]
Samarra, Iraq[39] | 5 | unknown | present | According to Twelver Shia doctrine, he is the current Imam and the promised Mahdi, a messianic figure who will return with the prophet Isa (Jesus). He will reestablish the rightful governance of Islam and establish justice and peace in the whole earth.[40] | According to Twelver Shia doctrine, he has been living in the Occultation since 874, and will continue as long as God wills.[39] |
- ^ Olsson, Ozdalga & Raudvere 2005, p. 65
- ^ Tabataba'i 1977, p. 10
- ^ Momen 1985, p. 174
- ^ Tabataba'i 1977, p. 15
- ^ Corbin 2014, pp. 45–51
- ^ Jump up to:a b Gleave, Robert (2004). "Imamate". Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-865604-0.
- ^ The Imam's Arabic titles are used by the majority of Twelver Shia who use Arabic as a liturgical language, including the Usooli, Akhbari, Shaykhi, and to a lesser extent Alawi. Persian titles are largely used by Iranian and South Asian Shias. Turkish titles are generally used by Alevi, a fringe Twelver group, who make up around 10% of the world Shia population. The titles for each Imam literally translate as "First Ali", "Second Ali", and so forth. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Gale Group. 2004. ISBN 978-0-02-865769-1.
- ^ The abbreviation CE refers to the Common Era solar calendar, while AH refers to the Islamic Hijri lunar calendar.
- ^ Except Twelfth Imam
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Gale Group. 2004. ISBN 978-0-02-865769-1.
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), pp.190–192
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), p.192
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Madelung, Wilferd. "ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), pp.194–195
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), p.195
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Madelung, Wilferd. "ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), pp.196–199
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Madelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB, ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDĪN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2017-08-05. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Tabatabae (1979), p.202
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Madelung, Wilferd. "BĀQER, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), p.203
- ^ "JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ, ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Tabatabae (1979), p.203–204
- ^ Jump up to:a b Madelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ AL-REŻĀ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Tabatabae (1979), p.205
- ^ Tabatabae (1979) p. 78
- ^ Sachedina 1988, pp. 53–54
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Tabatabae (1979), pp.205–207
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Tabatabae (1979), p. 207
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Madelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ AL-HĀDĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), pp.208–209
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Halm, H. "ʿASKARĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ Tabatabae (1979) pp. 209–210
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), pp.209–210
- ^ "THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
- ^ "ḠAYBA". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
- ^ "Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Hujjah". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Tabatabae (1979), pp.210–211
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), pp. 211–214
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- Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- "Encyclopedia Iranica". Encyclopædia Iranica. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. March 1997. ISBN 1-56859-050-4.
- Martin, Richard C. (2004). "Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L". Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-865604-0.
- Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Gale Group. 2004. ISBN 978-0-02-865769-1.
- Corbin, Henry (2014) [1964 (original French)]. History Of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-19889-3.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03531-4.
- Olsson, Tord; Ozdalga, Elisabeth; Raudvere, Catharina (2005). Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79725-6.
- Pierce, Matthew (2016). Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674737075.
- Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511915-0.
- Tabataba'i, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1977). Shi'ite Islam. Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator). SUNY press. ISBN 978-0-87395-390-0.
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